Sweet potato has an excellent nutritional content and beneficial to farmers operating in drought-stressed areas. However, drought induces a number of morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations in sweet potatoes, which can have a detrimental effect on their agronomic and economic output. For example, drought reduces root output, branching, leaf area index, stem height and length, stomatal closure, leaf size, and photosynthesis. Furthermore, it causes oxidative stress, which results in the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are harmful to plants. Plants employ many signaling pathways to respond to water stress by modifying their growth patterns, activating antioxidants, accumulating suitable solutes and chaperones, and making stress proteins. These physiological, metabolic, and genetic modifications can be served as the best indicators for choosing drought-tolerant genotypes. Assessing of the physiological and biochemical features of certain varieties is important for the implementation of drought resistance measures. Adapted genotypes can be selected and improved for particular growing conditions by using suitable tools and drought tolerance-related selection criteria. By regulating genetics in this way, the improvement of drought-resistant varieties may become cost-effective for smallholder farmers.