Louisiana has long faced significant health challenges, consistently ranking among the least healthy states in the U.S., with pronounced disparities disproportionately affecting low-income and minority populations. Prior to Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), many residents of Baton Rouge’s underprivileged urban communities lacked health insurance and faced substantial barriers to care. Grounded in the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) theory which emphasizes how social, economic, and environmental factors shape health outcomes alongside the Health Equity framework and Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, this empirical literature review synthesizes research and policy data from 2015 to 2023 to examine Medicaid expansion’s impacts on healthcare accessibility, affordability, and equity in Baton Rouge. Using a systematic qualitative review methodology, peer-reviewed articles, governmental reports, and gray literature were analyzed, focusing on healthcare access and social determinants in urban low-income populations.