Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) refers to a group of hereditary developmental disorders that impact the structure and appearance of enamel on all or nearly all teeth in a relatively uniform manner. AI poses significant challenges by reducing oral health-related quality of life and causing various physiological issues. Here, we present a case report of the Hypoplastic type of AI, diagnosed based on characteristic clinical and radiographic findings.

Abstract: Reactive lesions of the oral cavity are a diverse group of benign lesions that arise due to chronic irritation, trauma, infection, or other external stimuli. Despite their generally non-neoplastic nature, they can present as clinically significant conditions that may mimic more serious pathologies, often complicating diagnosis. This review presents an up-to-date classification system for common reactive lesions in the oral cavity, delves into their underlying pathogenesis, and discusses their clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of recognizing these lesions to avoid unnecessary invasive treatments while ensuring proper clinical intervention.

Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent oral health issues worldwide, primarily caused by bacterial activity within the oral cavity. This study investigates the antibacterial activities of clove oil bud against bacteria associated with dental caries. The clove buds were collected, identified, and processed for ethanol extraction of bioactive compounds. Also, 30 samples of dental caries were obtained using swab sticks and cultured on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Mannitol salt agar, then incubated for 24 hours and identified using biochemical tests and molecular analysis. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids (5.033%), saponins (3.50%), flavonoids (0.407%), phenols (0.4545%), tannins (5.227%), and glycosides (2.1285%) in the ethanol extract, while the clove oil contained saponins (8.70%) and a small amount of glycosides (0.0375%). The extracted compounds underwent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, which identified key constituents such as eugenol, Caryophyllene oxide, and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid. The characterization of the clove oil revealed a density of 0.86 g/cm³, viscosity of 113.59 mm²/s, refractive index of ≥36% Brix, saponification value of 39.19 mg KOH, iodine value of 21.488 g/ml, peroxide value of 13.4 mEq/kg, and a free fatty acid content of 1.37%. Biochemical tests on the bacterial isolates from dental caries samples identified several species, including Actinomyces spp., Streptococcus spp., Lactococcus spp., Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Staphylococcus aureus strain CIB, Bifidobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., and Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial activity assay shows that clove oil exhibited significant inhibition of microbial growth at higher concentrations: B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 12 mm at 100 mg/ml, 6 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 2 mm at 25 mg/ml. Similarly, Lacticaseibacillus agile 1365 showed inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 3 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. In contrast, L. paracasei showed minimal inhibition, indicating lower susceptibility to clove oil. On the other hand, the result also illustrates that clove extract was more effective at lower concentrations compared to clove oil. B.subtilis had inhibition zones of 14 mm at 100 mg/ml, 8 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 5 mm at 25 mg/ml. L.paracasei demonstrated inhibition zones of 16 mm at 100 mg/ml, 11 mm at 50 mg/ml, and 8 mm at 25 mg/ml. S.aureus strain B3A22 had inhibition zones of 10 mm at 100 mg/ml and 6 mm at 50 mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of clove oil was found to be 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 100 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, and 25 mg/ml for both S.aureus strain CIB and strain B3A22 respectively. In comparison, clove extract demonstrated lower MIC values: 12.5 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 12.5 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 12.5 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of clove oil was 50 mg/ml for B.subtilis, for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 100 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. In contrast, clove extract showed an MBC of 25 mg/ml for B.subtilis, 50 mg/ml for L.paracasei, 25 mg/ml for L.agile 1365, 50 mg/ml for S.aureus strain CIB, and 25 mg/ml for S.aureus strain B3A22. These results underscore the significant antibacterial activity of clove extract, particularly due to its higher potency at lower concentrations compared to clove oil, supporting its potential use in developing alternative treatments for dental caries.

Background: A 26-year-old woman with Gummy Smile and Dental Protrusion was treated with extractive orthodontics combined with LeFort I Maxillary Impaction Osteotomy. Methods: The patient was treated with fixed orthodontic appliance and extractive therapy. After 18 months of pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, extraction gaps were closed, and a 1-jaw surgery was performed. Post-surgery orthodontic treatment led to improved facial aesthetics and occlusion. The total active treatment time was 23 months. Results: After surgery, the maxilla was acceptably impacted 5 mm at first incisor level and 5 mm at first molar level. The anti-clockwise rotation of the mandible allowed a4 mm pogonion advancement and a decrease of the mandibular plane angle of 11.3°. The post-treatment records show a great stability of the occlusion and a good aesthetics of the face two years after the end of the treatment. Conclusions: The combination of a LeFort I Osteotomy with orthodontic extraction therapy is a useful technique for a reliable superior repositioning of the maxilla and simultaneous control of dental proclination.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a metabolic disorder occurring when there is decreased production of insulin hormone or if there is poor body response to it. Type 1 DM is most common in children and adolescents and has a strong impact on their lifestyle. Conflicting evidence is available in the scientific literature on caries prevalence in children with diabetes and healthy children. Many studies have also reported higher plaque accumulation with greater gingival index scores in children with diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus plays a very noteworthy role in oral complications and therefore it becomes important for health practitioners to take good care of these children’s general and oral hygiene.

The following is a clinical case of a screw-retained prosthesis on two implants with different designs and manufacturers. A 73-year-old man visited the dentist in January 2023 to rehabilitate the edentulous right area of the mandible. In December 2018 another dentist placed implants (Biohorizons, Madrid. Spain) in positions 45 and 46 with a metal-porcelain bridge over both. In 2022 he lost implant 45 (Biohorizons tapered internal 3.8 x 9) and with it also the bridge, although he still had implant 46 (Biohorizons tapered short 4.6 x 7.5). On the day of surgery, a simple opening flap was performed and drills were used sequentially until a 4 x 8 mm Galimplant IPX implant (Sarria, Spain) was placed in position 45. After a period of four months, the impression abutments of implants 46 and 45 were attached with dental floss and flowable composite, and an open-tray impression was taken. One week later, the screwed metal-porcelain fixed prosthesis was placed on both implants. It is difficult to find bibliographic information about fixed prostheses on implants manufactured by different companies and placed in the same patient. The placement of a prosthesis on two implants from different manufacturers is not a complication, but rather an unscheduled inconvenience. The clinical case presented allows us to point out that a fixed prosthesis on implants from different manufacturers can give excellent results.

Dentistry incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a reality and not just a myth. By using machines to mimic intelligent human behaviour, AI has significantly changed the medical and dental fields. This contemporary and information-driven innovative technology is gaining worldwide popularity due to its significant impact on intelligence innovation. AI is a lifesaver in dentistry, specifically in prosthodontics, which involves the restoration and reconstruction of missing teeth using implants for permanent and removable prostheses. The technology aids in designing prostheses, fabricating functional maxillofacial appliances, patient documentation, diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient management, allowing oral healthcare professionals to work more efficiently. AI cannot, however, take the position of a dental surgeon because their work requires more than just diagnosing diseases; it also entails treating patients and correlating findings with other clinical data. A new paradigm in dentistry has emerged because of the integration of AI and digitization, with potential futures. Dental surgeons should concentrate on gathering and entering accurate data into their database for AI usage in dentistry shortly to get beyond the only obstacle to the deployment of AI, which is the availability of insufficient and inaccurate data. To diagnose problems and develop patient-specific prostheses, the present narrative review article examines numerous uses of AI in prosthodontics and oral implantology, as well as its current limitations and potential future applications.