GAJRC | Global Academic Journal of Economics and Business

Journal Name:	Global Academic Journal of Economics and Business
Abbr. Title:	Glob Acad J Econ Buss
ISSN(Print):	2706-9001
ISSN(Online):	2707-2584
Frequency:	Bi-Monthly
Language:	English
Chief Editor:	Prof. P Malyadri
Publisher:	Scholars Middle East Publishers
Country of Origin:	United Arab Emirates

Journal Name:

Global Academic Journal of Economics and Business

Abbr. Title:

Glob Acad J Econ Buss

ISSN(Print):

2706-9001

ISSN(Online):

2707-2584

Frequency:

Bi-Monthly

Language:

English

Chief Editor:

Prof. P Malyadri

Publisher:

Scholars Middle East Publishers

Country of Origin:

United Arab Emirates

Aug. 17, 2026

Net Zero Ready MEP Strategies for Tourism Infrastructure in Saudi Arabia: Advancing Sustainable Regional Development under Vision 2030

Saquib Syed
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 993-1003
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.042

Saudi Arabia's tourism expansion is creating a new class of hotels, resorts, cultural destinations, transport interfaces and mixed-use visitor districts whose mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems will determine long-term energy demand, water security, operational resilience and carbon exposure. This review develops a context-specific framework for making such infrastructure net-zero ready under Vision 2030. A structured integrative review of literature and official evidence published from 2020 to 2025 was undertaken across building performance, district energy, renewable integration, microgrids, water efficiency, digital engineering and reliability-centred operations. The synthesis distinguishes net-zero readiness from an immediate claim of net-zero operation: readiness is defined as the technical and institutional capacity to reduce demand, electrify end uses, connect to low-carbon energy, flex loads, verify performance and avoid carbon lock-in throughout the asset life cycle. Evidence indicates that cooling-led load reduction, high-efficiency chillers, low-temperature networks, thermal storage, solar generation, intelligent controls and robust commissioning should be designed as one system rather than procured as isolated packages. For tourism assets, the framework also requires occupancy-responsive operation, peak-season resilience, water-energy coordination and service continuity during extreme heat or visitor surges. Digital twins and building information models can strengthen option appraisal and operational feedback, but their value depends on interoperable data, competent teams and contractual access to measured performance. The paper proposes a six-layer strategy, a staged delivery roadmap and an indicator set linking carbon, energy, water, reliability and regional value. It concludes that net-zero-ready MEP infrastructure can advance sustainable regional development when performance requirements are embedded in master planning, procurement, commissioning and long-term facilities management, rather than added after architectural design has been fixed.

Saudi enterprises are rapidly adopting cloud technologies to advance digital government, artificial intelligence, financial services, industrial modernization, and data-intensive operations. While this migration strengthens operational capabilities, it also disperses identity, data, workloads, and dependencies across complex hybrid and multi-cloud environments. The main challenge goes beyond intrusion prevention to include the preservation of vital services, containment of damage, restoration of trustworthy operations, and organizational learning from disruptions. This review critically synthesizes research published between 2020 and 2025 on cloud security and cyber resilience, with a specific focus on enterprise infrastructure in Saudi Arabia. A structured integrative review was conducted, encompassing peer-reviewed literature in cybersecurity, cloud computing, zero trust, ransomware, industrial control, and risk governance, and supplemented by the Saudi National Cybersecurity Authority's Cloud Cybersecurity Controls. The synthesis identifies five interdependent capabilities: governance and shared-responsibility assurance; identity-centred zero trust; data and workload protection; telemetry-driven detection and automated response; and recovery engineering supported by tested backups, service continuity, and supplier resilience. Evidence demonstrates that isolated security products are insufficient for resilience when asset ownership, cloud configuration, privileged access, recovery objectives, and third-party liability are fragmented. Accordingly, this paper proposes a Saudi Enterprise Cloud Cyber-Resilience Framework which integrates compliance alignment, architectural controls, operational preparedness, and continuous learning through a six-stage lifecycle: govern, anticipate, withstand, detect, recover, and adapt. The review delivers a practical control-to-outcome model and a staged implementation roadmap for enterprises pursuing secure cloud transformation while assuring compliance, service availability, and organizational confidence.

The rapid deployment of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) is transforming the optical transport from a static capacity layer into a dynamic, service-critical infrastructure that must support cloud radio access, edge computing, network slicing, industrial connectivity and latency-sensitive consumer services. Faults in this layer may degrade fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul performance before a hard alarm appears. Over-conservative engineering margins contribute to cost, energy consumption and wasted spectrum. This paper discusses the potential of artificial intelligence to enable fault prediction and performance optimization in 5G optical transport networks through the integration of optical performance monitoring, telemetry analytics, digital twins, machine learning, software-defined control and closed-loop assurance. We adopt a structured narrative review approach to synthesise the literature published from 2020 to 2025 on optical failure management, quality-of-transmission prediction, loss-of-signal forecasting, soft-failure localisation, traffic forecasting, transport automation, and 5G optical fronthaul design. This paper proposes a practical AI-enabled operating framework to convert streaming measurements to failure probability, time-to-impact, root-cause ranking, optimization recommendations and governed automation actions. The review suggests that the greatest value of AI is to embed models into operational processes, rather than to use them as standalone prediction tools. For telecom operators, the key benefits are reduced mean time to repair, fewer preventable outages, improved spectrum and power efficiency, better service-level assurance and more disciplined capacity expansion. The study concludes with a phased implementation roadmap for operators seeking to move away from reactive maintenance and towards predictive, explainable and policy-controlled optical transport operations.

Large-scale commercial facilities depend on mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) assets whose failures can disrupt tenant services, compromise safety, increase energy use, and generate emergency work. This systematic literature review examines how artificial intelligence supports predictive maintenance of MEP assets by transforming operational data into early warnings, fault diagnoses, health classifications, and maintenance decisions. A structured review protocol, aligned with PRISMA 2020 reporting principles, synthesized 24 studies published between 2020 and 2026 together with the reporting guideline. Evidence was organized around maintenance strategies, artificial intelligence techniques, asset failure modes, data requirements, implementation settings, benefits, and barriers. The review shows that supervised learning, deep neural networks, autoencoders, transfer learning, hybrid rule-based models, and digital twins are increasingly used for chillers, air-handling units, sensors, actuators, pumps, and building energy systems. However, most evidence remains concentrated on HVAC applications, while electrical distribution, plumbing, fire protection, and vertical transportation receive limited attention. Recurring implementation constraints include scarce labeled fault data, inconsistent sensor quality, weak interoperability between building automation and maintenance systems, limited model explainability, cybersecurity exposure, and insufficient feedback from technicians. The paper proposes a framework linking asset criticality, data governance, model validation, work-order integration, and continuous learning for reliable deployment in commercial facilities.

Aug. 12, 2026

ETAP-Based Power System Analysis for Smart Grid Planning in Saudi Industrial and Commercial Facilities

Zohaib Dildar Khan
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 932-941
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.036

Saudi Arabia’s industrial and commercial facilities are becoming increasingly electrically complex. Manufacturing expansion, data centres, petrochemical integration, metro systems, healthcare campuses, tourism developments and renewable generation all increase the demand for safe, reliable and flexible power systems. Electrical Transient Analyser Programme based studies provide a practical engineering platform for converting drawings, asset data and operating assumptions into coordinated planning decisions. This paper reviews the possible support of the ETAP based power system analysis to smart grid planning in Saudi industrial and commercial facilities through the integration of load flow, short circuit, protection coordination, motor starting, harmonic, arc flash, reliability and renewable interconnection studies. We used a structured narrative review methodology to examine sources published between 2020 and 2025, including peer-reviewed smart grid literature, power system study research, utility reports, technical standards and ETAP-oriented engineering references. The review finds ETAP to be most valuable when it is not used merely as calculation software, but as a digital planning environment that links the design of facilities, operational reliability, safety compliance, asset loading and future distributed energy integration. The most impactful planning applications for Saudi facilities are transformer and cable sizing validation under high cooling loads, fault level and breaker duty verification, relay coordination to avoid unnecessary shutdowns, arc flash exposure estimation, power quality assessment with variable speed drives and PV, battery and microgrid options prior to capital deployment. The paper proposes a phased ETAP enabled smart grid planning framework aligned with Vision 2030, industrial localisation and grid reliability objectives. It concludes that robust modelling governance, verified field data and periodic model updates are critical if ETAP studies are to underpin resilient, safer and more efficient Saudi facilities.