This article is based on the study conducted in Raute community. Raute are indigenous living ethnic group. Mainly, residing in Midwestern part of Nepal. During the study time, there were 149 members of 42 households and among them 11 were widow. This study was conducted in 2018. Main purpose of the study was to find out Raute’s perception to educate their children. Because in the past, Raute did not touch money, however, now they are begging money even for one click picture. The main argument of this article is change is the heart of the society. Social change impacts in all sectors. Changing in social norm is social change and also change occurs when social norms are changing, likewise Ratue community are also changing and empowering. The Raute community are still living in hunting and gathering phase. And they change their residential area in average 45 days because of their cultural practices such as death rituals, scarcity of foods and fresh places. They spent most of the money to drink alcohol. Due to long efforts by the I/NGOs to provide education to Ratue children. Now they are agreed to teach their children. Jungleko Rajale Kahilai Padxa to Padepaxi Dherai kura thaha hunxa re aba padnu paryo (now, all people are getting education and through education people know more things, so, we have to teach our children). In the past they used to say, we are the Jungle King and not need to read and write, however, now they are slowly changing that norms to accept teaching system.

In “States and Social Revolutions: A comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (1979), Theda Skocpol presents a comparative-historical analysis of social revolutions by looking beyond the existing social-scientific theories that explain the causes and outcomes of successful revolutions. Skocpol presents a contrast to the prevalent theories of social revolutions from a comparative historical analysis by presenting valid associations of potential causes within a given phenomenon. The author focuses on the structuralists’- perspectives to the causes of social revolutions in agrarian society with intense focus on the influence of transnational relations in the emergence of social-revolutionary crises that lead to basic social-structural transformations and the collapse of state organizations of old regimes.

The study investigated Effect of Problem-Based Learning on academic achievement in Ecology Concepts among Science Education Students in Gusau. Quasi-experimental pretest, post test control group design. The population comprised of one thousand two hundred and twenty five Biology SS11 students from 11 public Senior Secondary Schools in Zaria metropolis. A sample of 137 students from two schools was randomly selected. The study involves two groups- experimental and a control group. The experimental group was taught Ecology concept using Problem-based learning while the control group was exposed to the same concept using Conventional Method. One instrument was used for data collection Namely Ecology Achievement Test. The instrument was duly validated and have reliability coefficient of 0.87, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistic. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated and answered using Mean and Standard deviation statistics and Independent Samples t-test at alpha 0.05 level of significance. The major findings reveals a significant difference between mean academic achievement scores in favor of the experimental group. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others, that workshops, seminars and conferences should be organised for Biology teachers on the use of Problem-Based learning among science education students in Gusau.

One of the main challenges that the world and Africa have faced for the past fifty years has been the proliferation of armed conflicts. These armed conflicts mostly occurred paradoxically in areas rich with a variety of cultural heritage. In fact, since WWII, several areas harboring rich cultural heritages have been destroyed by armed conflicts. Frequent armed conflicts turn to destroy the cultural heritage which is an expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic expressions, and values. In reality, cultural heritage can provide an automatic sense of unity and belonging within a group and permit people to better understand previous generations and the history of where they come from. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how the armed conflicts in the English-speaking regions of Cameroon (North West and South West regions) are gradually destroying the cultural heritages of communities that live in these two regions. The main question posed in this study is: what are the stakes of armed conflict on the socio-cultural heritage of the English-speaking regions of the republic of Cameroon? How can cultural heritage awareness contribute in resolving the armed conflicts in the area? And finally, what is the future of the people without a cultural background? This cultural effacement has been substantiated by the burning and profanation of traditional palaces with all their contents as well as, the looting, kidnapping, torture, and even killing of traditional authorities who prior to the War held the affidavit of all forms of unity, love and power within these traditional communities. Findings in this paper revealed that, so far, the armed conflict in the English-speaking regions of Cameroon has seriously affected the socio-cultural heritage of several communities in the area of study The fact too that armed combatants of this region have rather concentrated on eradicating all the entire paraphernalia of chieftaincies and its network of norms f hierarchy has made the palaces hitherto held to be sanctuary of all cultures to become unsecured thereby, causing the fons to flee for survival elsewhere, also indicates the pressure brought by this armed conflicts to local norms and traditions. It submits that war does far more than kill just belligerents as it sinks far deep into the yards of effacing established customs and traditions that provide the adhesive threads for most generations. This submission is therefore valid not just for the current armed conflict plaguing the Anglophone regions of Cameroon but also for any society that has resulted to seek justice through armed conflict.

Migration is currently perceived as an epitome of globalization and a measuring gauge of global geopolitical mobility. In recent years, Nigeria has been faced with a series of migratory crises such as insurgency and conflict, forcing large numbers of people to flee from their various residential origins to neighboring countries as refugees and asylum seekers or within their country as Internally Displaced Persons. This study therefore explores the types and causes of forced migration due to the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria. The research engages the use of content analysis to examine relevant secondary data on Boko Haram insurgent activities and the geopolitics of forced migration in Nigeria. It is reported that from the total number of 2.1 million forced migrants in Nigeria as of May 2017, 9.7% are refugees in neighboring countries while others are spatially distributed in different states around the country as internally displaced persons. The study revealed that more than 97% of the internally displaced persons migrated due to the Boko Haram insurgent activities from the northeastern part of the country. It concluded that the migratory crises in Nigeria is predominantly caused by the activities of the Boko Haram insurgent group that subsequently forced the people to flee their origin because of fear for their lives coupled with the risk of persecution and the destruction of lives and properties. The study among other things recommended the beefing up of government’s efforts to tackle insecurity as its primary responsibility to save lives and property.

The study investigated Effect of Reflective Instructional Strategy on students’ performance in Cell-Physiology Concepts among Senior Secondary Students in Zaria. Quasi-experimental pretest, post test control group design. The population comprised of one thousand two hundred and twenty five Biology SS11 students from 11 public Senior Secondary Schools in Zaria metropolis. A sample of 137 students from two schools was randomly selected. The study involves two groups- experimental and a control group. The experimental group was taught Cell Physiology using Reflective Instructional Strategy while the control group was exposed to the same concept using Conventional Method. One instrument was used for data collection Namely Cell-Physiology Performance Test. The instrument was duly validated and have reliability coefficient of 0.87, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistic. Two research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated and answered using Mean and Standard deviation statistics and Independent Samples t-test at alpha 0.05 level of significance. The major findings reveals a significant difference between mean academic performance scores in favor of the experimental group. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others, that workshops, seminars and conferences should be organised for Biology teachers on the use of Reflective Instructional among secondary schools in Zaria metropolis.

The effects of a cashless economy on inflation and corruption in Nigeria were the focus of this research. The statistics Bulletin published quarterly by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) provided the study's data, which covered the time period from 1990Q1 to 2021Q4. The unit root test was performed on the formulated model using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) method. The variables were found to be non stationary at levels but stationary after first difference, as shown by the Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test. To determine whether the variables are related over the long run, the Johansen method of co-integration was used. The findings demonstrated a long-term correlation between the factors. Further findings showed that the use of automated teller machine does not lessen corruption perception index and inflation rate in Nigeria but is statistically significant in the long-run. Point-of-sale systems, however, showed promise as a practical technique for lowering corruption perception index and inflation rate. A positive and statistically significant association exists between mobile banking and inflation rate, whereas the adoption and implementation of mobile banking will decrease the corruption perception index but is inconsequential in the long term. Finally, it has been observed that check transactions cut inflation over the long term while also having a positive and statistically insignificant link with the corruption perception index. To further decrease cash transaction in the nation, it was suggested that the monetary policy authority (CBN) expand the number of point of sale terminals. As a result, corruption and inflation will decrease along with the amount of currency in circulation (inflation rate).