GAJRC | Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Journal Name:	Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Abbr. Title:	Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci
ISSN(Print):	2706-901X
ISSN(Online):	2707-2576
Frequency:	Bi-Monthly
Language:	English
Chief Editor:	Dr. S.A. Mohamed Salim
Publisher:	Scholars Middle East Publishers
Country of Origin:	United Arab Emirates

Journal Name:

Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Abbr. Title:

Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci

ISSN(Print):

2706-901X

ISSN(Online):

2707-2576

Frequency:

Bi-Monthly

Language:

English

Chief Editor:

Dr. S.A. Mohamed Salim

Publisher:

Scholars Middle East Publishers

Country of Origin:

United Arab Emirates

In urban Bangladesh, elderly women face several barriers from social, economic to administration in accessing social welfare services including limited knowledge about the entitlements, lack of family support or companionship, low mobility as well as insufficient income. This study aimed to explore these barriers, the potentials to overcome them and factors facilitating access to welfare services for elderly women. It was a cross-sectional survey used 400 urban elderly women who accessed self-reported data from demographic, social, economic and administrative barriers to access, awareness, family support mobility income and education. Participant characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics, and the effects of barriers and enabling factors on access were assessed with multiple regression, Pearson correlation, and one-sample t-tests. Results showed that economic barriers had the most negative effect on access (B = −15.324, Beta = −0.601, p < 0.001), followed by social and administrative barriers. Access was positively correlated with exposure to information (r = 0.575, p < 0.001) and moderately with family support, mobility, income, and education. Significant increased access included ranked coordination of services (B = 7.253, Beta = 0.497) and visibility of services (B = 6.981, Beta = 0.468). The economic conditions of current women are the most important contributors, and awareness, visibility and coordination of services can significantly increase access to welfare programs for urban middle-aged women.

Nigeria’s developmental problems are intimately tied to the kind of political system it operates under which in most cases is marked with patronage networks, godfatherism, elite domination and political violence. Such dynamics, akin to political captivation- control of public institutions and governance by individuals or groups, serves private interests rather than the public interest. Perhaps mothering captures the workings of political captivity and its impact on development like the case of Rivers State, Nigeria’s third most capitalized states after Lagos and Abuja. Despite the state generating significant revenue from petroleum resources, persistent governance crises, political instability and socio-economic inequality continue to plague the state. Here, we explore the link between political captivity and improvement of the state, examining how the activities of elite involvement into politics affect democratic values to undermine sustainable development in the state. Qualitative content analysis was adopted for the study. Findings of this study includes: that the political overshadowing by elites reveals that resources meant sustainable development of the state are misappropriated, the activities of the elites has also intensifies upheaval in the Niger Delta region creating serious insecurity challenges. The study recommended among others that democratic institutions should be strengthened, concerted reforms to take place in the electoral laws and body to checkmate corruption by the political players and lastly, the economy to be diversified to curb high contestations in politics.

March 16, 2026

Tourism, Services, and Customer Experience, Expanding the Tourism Ecosystem to Achieve the 2030 Targets

Suhail Adel Abdo Sarhan
Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci; 2026, 8(2): 21-32
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2026.v08i02.002

Purpose: The purpose of this review paper is to identify opportunities to speed up the achievement of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, including decarbonization, inclusive growth, jobs quality, value capture, accessibility, safety, and visitor pressure, by expanding the tourism ecosystem, including service systems, service operations, and customer experiences. Method: For conducting this systematic literature review, the PRISMA 2020 protocol has been adapted. Articles reviewed for this paper are collected from different databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, etc. Articles reviewed for this paper are based on the MMAT/CASP model. Findings: The findings of all the articles reviewed for this paper are consistent. There are four ways to expand the tourism ecosystem. They are as follows: 1. Orchestrating Multi-Actor Value Co-creation through Platforms and Interoperable Service Modules; 2. Improving Service Operations to Stabilize Visitor Flows and Experience Quality; 3. Crafting Omnichannel Journeys that Balance Personalization, Trust, Privacy, and Inclusiveness; 4. Embedding Sustainability Guardrails and Governance to Avoid Rebound Effects and Visitor Pressure. Contribution: The contribution of this paper is that it incorporates the concept of the tourism ecosystem, the concept of service operations and customer experiences, the concept of "2030 indicators," and the concept of "2030 sustainable development goals" along with the conceptual model of the interrelationship between the mechanisms of expanding the tourism ecosystem and the 2030 sustainable development goals. Pragmatic Implications: The practical implications of this paper are that it may be used as a guideline for destination managers, SMEs, and government agencies, as a tool for locating areas where capability building is required, considering the impact of equity, labor, and environmental aspects.

Valid test items are crucial for ensuring that assessments are trustworthy, fair, and useful for their intended purposes. Differential item functioning (DIF) is essential for ensuring that assessment are fair, valid and reliable for all groups, which is critical for making informed decisions and promoting equity. Hence, this study investigated differential item functioning (DIF) in the 2022 Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) Mathematics Multiple choice test in Ondo State., Nigeria. The population for the study comprises all junior secondary school 3 (JSS3) students of Ondo State who sat for the 2022 BECE. A sample of 600 scores of 2022 JSS3 mathematics students who sat for the mathematics multiple choice of BECE were selected using purposive sampling technique. The research design employed was expost facto research. The instrument used for the study was 2022 mathematics multiple choice items questions containing 60 items drawn from the JSS 3 Syllabus of BECE in Ondo State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The Raju Area Index (RAI) was used to identify items that exhibit DIF while chi-square goodness fit was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that 43 items (71.67%) of the BECE of 2022 mathematics multiple choice items test showed DIF while 17 (28.33 %) revealed no DIF and BECE of 2022 test items significantly function differentially based on location of schools t= 6.682, p >0.005). Thirty one items (31) were in favour of urban and 12 items in favour of rural testees. But do not significantly function differentially based on gender (t= - 0.794, p< 0.001) Based on the findings it was recommended that test developers should take appropriate steps to minimize DIF and ensure that test items are fair and unbiased.

Dec. 20, 2025

Misleading Portrayals in David Rubadiri’s “Stanley Meets Mutesa”

Chinedu Ogoke
Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci; 2025, 7(6): 271-283
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2025.v07i06.005

This work interprets the poem “Stanley Meets Mutesa the way it has never been interpreted. The poem has enjoyed favorable comments and reviews, and remains one of the student’s most cherished poems in Africa. Students see their world through the poem. It is fortunate to be a recommended poem from high school up to the tertiary level, its unhelpful underlying background story undetected. The poem celebrates an African King Mutesa 1, the king of Buganda who receives Stanley, a European. The tale drawn is so colorful and harmless. The African reader is only aware that Stanley and his potters endure a difficult journey through the African jungle, a jungle that is not more brutal than the page they read the information from. The reader discovers that Stanley is met by a confident, tall African king, who speaks his language to the European visitor, then the “West is let in.” It thus symbolizes the friendly reception given to a worthy visitor. Examination of the historical background to the poem uncovers the identities of the two actors, who are Mutesa 1 and Henry Morton Stanley. Morton Stanley found good company in Leopold II of Belgium, who hosted the partitioning of Africa and under whose quest millions of Africans in the Congo were murdered. The poem is therefore a product of compromise. It glorifies what people of conscience should have aversion for. The people position taken in this undertaking is that this revelation should guide scholars’ appreciation of the poem. The research does not call for an entirely new position on the poem, but that works of literature should be thoroughly scrutinized. It becomes obvious that literature can act as important guide in a society. Years of research actually led this writer to this discovery. Interest groups have to play a role in the proper education of the populace, and more work needs to be done in this area. Books, journal articles and newspaper publications were relied on for this article.