Typhoid fever is an acute and sometimes life-threatening systemic febrile illness caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi (S. paratyphi) A, B and C. This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the incidence of typhoid fever among febrile patients attending Ahmad Sani Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital Gusau, Zamfara State. A total of 198 blood samples were collected and processed using Widal test kit. Information such as age, educational level, toilet facilities, and symptoms of the disease were also obtained through structured questionnaire. The study participants were 116(59.5%) females, while 82(31.7%) were males. The overall prevalence of typhoid fever among the study subject was 47.9%. Higher incidence of the disease was recorded among male subjects with 34.8% prevalence while female recorded only 13.1%. There was high incidence (17.7%) of typhoid fever among 18-25 age groups while least by those above 66 years with 2%. There was high incidence among participant using well as water source with prevalence of 13.1%. it is concluded that there are clear and significant occurrence of typhoid fever among the study population. Therefore, enlightenment programs on environmental and personal hygiene should be encouraged among individuals in the study area. Keywords: Typhoid Fever, Widal, Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C.

Despite recent advances made in malaria prevention and control globally, malaria still remains a major health concern in Sub Saharan Africa, especially among children. This study aimed to determine the correlation between malaria and anemia among 5 years children attending some primary health facilities in Kano Metropolis, Kano Nigeria. The research was conducted at 3 different primary health care (Yan-Awaki, Sharada and Tukuntawa) centers in Kano Municipal. Demographic characteristics of the patients were collected using questionnaire. About five ml of blood was collected from each subject and malaria was diagnosed by examination of stained thick blood films. Hemoglobin concentration was determined using an auto-analyzer. Anemia was defined a hemoglobin concentration <11g/dl (13). The results showed that 163 out of 200 febrile subjects were positive for malaria and this accounted for 81.5% of the study population. From the result, more male were infected (with prevalence of 83%) than the female counterparts (80%). On the basis of the age of the study subject, infection is more prevalent among subjects aged 24 – 35 month (85.9%), followed by those less than 12 month (80.9%) and least prevalence was recorded among 48 – 60 month (75%). Also 84.6% of anemia positive subjects were anemic while only 13.5% of the non-malaria patients were anemic. It is concluded that there is strong correlation between malaria and anemia among study subjects in the study.

Recently, the world's problem has become in the spread of microbes and the extent of their impact on public health, especially the problem of microorganisms causing food spoilage. The study was aimed to characterize and determine antibiogram of bacteria isolated from irrigated vegetables and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics was carried out in Kano metropolis which are; Fagge (Kwakwaci wastewater irrigation area), Kumbotso (Shagari quarters wastewater irrigation area) and Ungoggo (Jaba wastewater irrigation area)”. In the study, the most common bacteria isolated and identified were Staphylococcus aureus (30.43%), Escherichia coli (27.54%) followed by Salmonella (24.64%) and Shigella (17.39%). The results of molecular indicate the genus and species of each isolate. The gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of PCR products of the expected size. Sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis further validated the results. In Gram-negative bacteria, Septrin, Sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin augmentin, gentamycin, perfloxacin streptomycin were sensitive. At the same time, most of the remaining antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tarivid, levofloxacin and nitrofuraticin) are 100% resistant to bacterial isolates. However, in Gram-positive bacteria, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, azithromycin and imipenem were sensitive while the remaining antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria (gentamycin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, ampiclox) were resistance to bacterial isolates.

Malaria and typhoid fever are major aetiological considerations in both acute and prolonged fever of unknown origin (PUO) in the tropics and sub-tropics where opportunities for transmission are wide-ranging. Because of the high prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever in Nigeria, co-infections are common. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among patient attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano. Structural questionnaire were administered to obtain socio – demographic data. A random sampling was done and the estimated sample size is 110, which involved both male and female. Two ml of venous blood sample was collected for malaria and typhoid test. Conventional Widal tests for the detection of Salmonella spp were done as well as blood film preparation for detection of Plasmodium spp. The study show high overall prevalence of malaria 67(60.9%) and typhoid 74(67.3%), the co-infection prevalence 60(54.5%) was equally high. Co-infection rate in females 33(60.0%) was higher (p<0.05) than males 27(49.1%). The non-educated patients had the highest co-infection rate of 30(78.9%). The co-infection rate is higher (p<0.05) among the poor subjects 47(61.8%) than rich participants 13(38.2%). Of the total number of patients age ranging from 1–15 had the highest malaria prevalence of 22 (73.3%) while 61–75 has the least malaria prevalence of 4 (44.4%). On the other hand age ranging from 16–30 had the highest typhoid prevalence of 30 (73.1%) while age range from 61–75 had the least typhoid prevalence of 4(44.4%) (p<0.05). Therefore, there is need to step up sensitization on malaria and typhoid prevention. Other diagnostic tests such as molecular techniques and blood culture should be employed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of Widal and microscopy methods.

The risk of emergence and spread of microbial pathogens increased due to the overuse of sterilization and disinfection materials with a lack of health supervision. We aimed to determine the extent of sensitivity of P.aeruginosa to biocides regularly used in the hospitals, and to study synergistic effect of (EDTA) with the same biocides. Twenty five isolates of P.aeruginosa were diagnosed, from 200 samples. (100 clinical and 100 environmental) samples were collected from Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. Samples were cultivated on blood agar, macconkey agar and cetrimide agar, and bacterial isolates were identified according to Hemolytic lysis of the blood cells in blood agar, unablity to ferment the sucrose and lactose on macconkey agar and the blue greenish pyocyanine stain and odour as fruit on cetrimide agar. Isolates were confirmed using the VITEK2 automated system. A standard broth dilution method was used to determine the MIC concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate (20%), benzalkonium chloride (50%), formaldehyde (37%), cetrimide (20%), and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (30 %) at concentrations ranging from 4 µg/ml to 2048 µg/ml. 17% EDTA was used for synergistic test. The results showed that the MIC ranges for the biocides used were as follows: chlorhexidine digluconate (64 - ≥2048 µg/ml) (8-64 µg/ml), formaldehyde (64 -≥1024 µg/ml) (16 - ≥128 µg/ml), cetrimide (256 - ≥2048 µg/ml) (4 - ≥256 µg/ml), benzalkonium chloride (512 - ≥2048 µg/ml) (8 - ≥256 µg/ml), and hydrogen peroxide (≥2048 µg/ml) (4 - ≥256 µg/ml) without and with EDTA respectively. The MBC concentrations were: chlorhexidine digluconate (128-≥2048 μg/ml), benzalkonium chloride (1024-≥2048 μg/ml), formaldehyde (128-≥2048 μg/ml), cetrimide (1024-≥2048 μg/ml) and hydrogen peroxide (≥2048 μg/ml). A combination of biocides and EDTA has been recommended as an effective way to reduce hospital contamination by P.aeruginosa.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus, greatly reducing patients’ quality of life and frequently leading to chronic infections and possible limb amputation. DFUs arise from a multifaceted interaction involving peripheral neuropathy, insufficient blood flow, and immune system impairments. This research focuses on examining specific cytokines and hematological indicators in individuals with DFUs to gain deeper insight into the reasons behind impaired wound healing. The study as well as complete blood count (CBC) C-reactive protein (CRP), 90participants took part in the study, categorized into three groups: 30 diabetic patients with DFUs, 30 diabetic patients without foot ulcers, and 30 healthy individuals. Those who reviewed the Diabetes Centers at Al-Hashimiyah General Hospital and Al-Qassim General Hospital in Babylon Province between September 2024 and February 2025 were included in the study. Each patient was diagnosed with DFU by a specialist, with confirmation provided through X-ray imaging. Blood samples were collected CBC. Biochemical tests were carried out to measure CRP. Statistical analysis was performed to compare findings across the. The comparison of some blood parameters (WBC, RBC and platelets) "A comparative analysis was carried out between the patient groups and the healthy controls. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count was 7.48 ± 2.21 in patients with ulcers, 8.41 ± 2.18 in diabetic (DM) patients, and 7.25 ± 2.01 in the control group. Despite DM patients showing higher average WBC counts than the other groups, the difference between ulcer and DM patients was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). For red blood cell (RBC) counts, the averages were 3.93 ± 0.81 for ulcer patients, 4.00 ± 0.76 for DM patients, and 4.38 ± 0.41 in the control group. Although both patient groups had lower RBC counts compared to the controls, the difference between ulcer and DM patients was again not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Furthermore, platelet counts did not significantly differ between patients and healthy individuals (P > 0.05). The mean C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were 128.4 ± 13.3 in ulcer patients, 47.78 ± 12.7 in DM patients, and 7.03 ± 1.3 in the healthy controls. Mean levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were and the difference was significant (P< 0.05) in Ulcer patients, DM patients and healthy control group. We conclude from our current study a chronic inflammatory environment in DFU patients WBC count alone may not be a reliable marker for systemic inflammation or disease severity in diabetic individuals. More accurate and specific biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) are necessary for a precise evaluation of inflammatory status Elevated CRP levels highlight the underlying metabolic challenges that impair wound healing. The reduced RBC levels may indicate mild anemia, which impairs erythropoietin production a platelet levels could be attributed to small sample size or considerable inter-individual variability these biomarkers point to a complex interplay of immune and metabolic dysfunction, underscoring the need for comprehensive treatment strategies that include blood glucose control, immune regulation, and angiogenesis support. The study promotes the use of these biomarkers for diagnostic purposes.

Background: Orthopedic wound infections pose a significant threat to patient health, particularly in low-resource settings. The emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria has further complicated treatment options. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in orthopedic wound infections in Kano, Nigeria, and to identify the most common ESBL-producing bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a five tertiary hospitals in Kano (National Orthopedic Hospital, Dala, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Sir Muhammad Sunusi Specialist Hospital, Sheikh Jidda Specialist Hospital and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano) Nigeria. Wound swab samples were collected from 400 orthopedic patients with suspected infections. Bacteria were isolated and identified using standard microbiological techniques. Extended Spectrum Beta lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates were confirmed using the double discs’ synergy test. Results: A total of 336 (84%) wound samples yielded bacterial growth; Gram negative bacteria were predominant with 258 (58.2%) isolates with 30 (22.1%) samples positive for ESBL-producing bacteria. The most common ESBL-producing bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 123(27.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 30(6.8%) and Escherichia coli 11(2.5%). High levels of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides were observed. Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in orthopedic wound infections in Kano, Nigeria. The findings emphasize the need for effective infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship programs, and regular surveillance of ESBL-producing bacteria to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance.