Mohammad Anwar Hossain Mojumder
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 1949-1959
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.001
Water treatment infrastructure in Saudi Arabia is of course a vital public health function and is equally important in enabling industrial development, urban growth and the diversification of water supplies. You can't judge the reliability of that infrastructure on its capacity alone. An apparently continuous supply of water of poor quality could be a far more serious failure than a short-lived, isolated interruption. This is a critical integrative review of how safety assurance can be combined with operational resilience across the full range of water treatment infrastructure: desalination, municipal treatment, wastewater reuse and the transmission systems that link them. It draws on 30 peer-reviewed papers from 2020 to 2025 and uses a risk pathway approach to look at water quality, occupational exposure, cyber-physical interdependencies, energy supply, climate stress and governance. It makes a clear distinction between preventative barriers and recovery capabilities and identifies the weak links between technical monitoring, organisational accountability and capital decisions. A six domain assurance framework is proposed which links hazard characterisation, barrier verification, scenario based resilience planning, operational response, independent challenge and continuous learning. The framework is based on the evidence of barrier effectiveness rather than simply the existence of procedures and allows for a differentiated response to failures which could have irreversible health consequences. Its application in Saudi Arabia will require integration across the operators, the regulators, the contractors and the various infrastructure interfaces with clear service level thresholds and tested contingency arrangements. The outcome is a practical, auditable basis for aligning infrastructure investment and water sector transformation with the protection of public health and the provision of reliable service. This is a conceptual synthesis and not an empirical validation of plant performance.
Muhammad Ashfaq
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 1960-1970
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.002
Industrial cities concentrate water, gas, petrochemical, utility, and process pipelines within operating environments where a small undetected leak can escalate into resource loss, soil or groundwater contamination, atmospheric emissions, fire risk, and prolonged service disruption. This review critically examines smart leakage detection systems as an environmental-safety capability for Saudi Arabia's industrial cities under Vision 2030. The literature is synthesized across water distribution, natural-gas and hydrocarbon pipelines, Internet of Things sensing, machine learning, and digital-twin approaches. Recent studies show a clear shift from single-sensor threshold alarms toward multivariate, data-driven and hybrid systems that combine acoustic, vibration, pressure, flow, supervisory control data, geospatial context, and physics-informed models. Yet high reported classification accuracy does not automatically translate into environmental protection because field performance is conditioned by leak rarity, weak signals, transient operations, sensor drift, corrupted telemetry, localization uncertainty, and false-alarm burden. Saudi evidence further indicates that industrial environmental monitoring must account for local meteorology, aridity, heat, dust, connectivity, and governance conditions. The review therefore proposes an integrated architecture in which robust sensing, secure edge analytics, anomaly detection, localization, digital twins, operator verification, and automated containment form a closed safety loop. It concludes that the strongest pathway for Saudi industrial cities is not a single algorithm but a validated, multisensor, risk-based system whose success is measured by detection latency, released volume avoided, localization error, alarm credibility, response time, and auditable environmental outcomes.
Industrial buildings depend on electrical services whose interruption can disable process protection, ventilation, communications, security and emergency response. Saudi Arabia's expanding industrial infrastructure therefore requires power continuity strategies that address both routine equipment faults and prolonged external disruptions. This review critically synthesises research published between 2020 and 2025 on redundant uninterruptible power supplies, automatic power transfer, standby generation and associated control systems. Sources were examined through a structured, topic-led integrative review and evaluated against failure independence, transfer behaviour, autonomy, maintainability and service restoration. The synthesis finds that additional equipment cannot guarantee resilience when redundancy shares batteries, switchgear, cooling, control logic or maintenance exposure. Furthermore, an automatic transfer switch normally introduces an interruption; genuinely interruption-sensitive loads require an appropriately configured online UPS or equivalent ride-through provision. A layered architecture is proposed in which independently protected load paths are coordinated with verified source-transfer sequences, conditioned battery capacity and tested emergency generation. The review extends infrastructure-scale resilience principles to facility-level electrical interfaces and identifies measurable acceptance criteria for industrial applications in Saudi Arabia. Evidence gaps include sparse local field performance records, limited joint modelling of transfer and battery failures, and insufficient validation under compound heat, dust and utility disturbances. These findings provide a design and assurance agenda rather than an assertion of measured performance at any particular site.
Mohammed Shahabaaz Ahmed
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 1982-1991
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.004
Industrial infrastructure programs depend on coordinated decisions across engineering, procurement, construction, utilities, and operational readiness. Project controls generate information about these activities, but information improves delivery only when its meaning, ownership, and route to action are established. This structured narrative review examines the governance arrangements needed to connect project controls with accountable intervention in Saudi industrial infrastructure programs. Research on project governance, megaproject delivery, organizational maturity, digital information, and Saudi construction performance is considered alongside authoritative estimating and scheduling guidance. The synthesis proposes a framework linking decision authority, controlled baselines, contractor reporting, change assessment, interface management, and independent assurance. Its central argument is that governance should be assessed through the quality and timeliness of decisions rather than the number of reports, committees, or approvals produced. Two analytical tables and two original figures translate the argument into an operating model and an evaluation approach. An arithmetic illustration shows how unresolved decisions can accumulate when review capacity remains below incoming demand. The proposed mechanisms are relevant to complex industrial programs, but their effect has not been tested against an implementation dataset. The paper concludes that reliable governance requires traceable information, clear escalation, proportionate review, and feedback establishing whether approved actions actually address delivery constraints.
Digital project controls can strengthen capital-project decisions when reliable field evidence, commercial records, schedules, and risk assessments are connected through consistent definitions. Software adoption alone does not establish better cost or schedule performance. This integrative review develops a decision-oriented framework for Saudi mining and industrial projects under Vision 2030. Targeted searches of publicly accessible scholarly material inform an analysis of earned value management, forecasting, information governance, and organizational adoption. The proposed framework links data capture, validation, integrated analysis, managerial intervention, and verification of outcomes. It distinguishes reporting speed from forecast accuracy and separates approved scope growth from uncontrolled deviation. An explicitly hypothetical cost-forecast sensitivity exercise demonstrates how assumptions about remaining productivity affect estimated final cost; it is not presented as a Saudi project dataset. Three tables summarize evidence, control measures, and implementation responsibilities, while a conceptual diagram explains the feedback process. The paper proposes a phased pilot and longitudinal evaluation using dated forecasts, baseline histories, and categorized changes. Its contribution is a practical explanation of the conditions under which digital information may improve control decisions. The framework requires empirical validation and cannot establish achieved savings, reduced delays, or sector-wide performance effects.
Drilling equipment mobilization depends on coordinated compliance, border procedures and technical acceptance. This paper develops a conceptual framework for improving these interfaces in Saudi Arabia. A purposive integrative review combines peer reviewed research on trade time, logistics reliability, resilience and digital COORDINATION with primary Saudi and international guidance. Published Logistics Performance Index scores supply national context without being interpreted as drilling shipment observations. The analysis separates equipment classification, documentary readiness, product conformity, customs treatment, release and availability for operational use. A proposed framework connects these decisions through controlled records, accountable preparation and exception feedback. Three tables define compliance questions, performance measures and mobilization gates; a graph and schematic support interpretation. The paper identifies early uncertainty resolution, shared equipment identity and separate milestone measurement as testable propositions. No original shipment dataset, causal effect or clearance savings estimate is claimed. The contribution is a practical measurement and research agenda for dependable industrial logistics aligned with Vision 2030.
Mohammad Tanzil
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2010-2019
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.007
Procurement organizations frequently depend on contractual information that is distributed across tender records, negotiated documents, approval messages and operational systems. Digitizing those documents can improve access while leaving responsibility for obligations and changes unresolved. This paper develops an integrative framework explaining how digital contract lifecycle management can support procurement efficiency and contract compliance in Saudi Arabian organizations. A targeted review connects digital procurement, information systems, data governance, interorganizational contracting and legal language-processing research. The synthesis identifies five mechanisms: reliable contract data, controlled transitions between lifecycle stages, traceable links with procurement transactions, accountable monitoring of obligations and feedback from performance evidence. Three matrices translate these mechanisms into implementation requirements, indicators and validation activities. Two original conceptual diagrams distinguish system architecture from the proposed relationships requiring empirical testing. Efficiency is defined through comparable processing effort, waiting and rework; compliance is assessed through evidence against specified obligations and authorized procedures. The framework predicts conditional benefits rather than automatic improvements from software adoption. Organizational readiness, supplier participation, information quality and appropriate human review shape the proposed relationships. No survey, company audit or measured performance improvement is reported. The contribution is a practical explanation of how contractual text can become accountable operational information without confusing automated processing with verified fulfillment.
Warehouses increasingly depend on the interaction between physical stock movements and digital decisions. Yet robotic picking, inventory counting, demand prediction and replenishment are frequently evaluated as separate applications, obscuring the consequences of errors passed between them. This critical narrative review examines how artificial intelligence can connect these functions in Saudi Arabia's developing logistics network. Thirty DOI-identified publications from 2020–2025 were mapped across robotic fulfilment, inventory perception, forecasting, sequential inventory control and implementation governance. The synthesis differentiates findings demonstrated in operational settings from optimisation or simulation results, and proposes an integrated decision architecture linking verified stock states to probabilistic demand and constrained ordering. Evidence indicates that robotics can reduce travel and counting effort, while machine-learning forecasting and adaptive control offer decision support under variable demand; however, benefits cannot be assumed to transfer across warehouse layouts, product classes or service conditions. Inventory record integrity emerges as a prerequisite for dependable forecasting and automated orders, rather than a secondary outcome of automation. For Saudi organisations, deployment priorities include multilingual master-data governance, extreme-temperature resilience, interoperability, supplier lead-time visibility and workforce safety. The review proposes staged validation measures that combine record accuracy, fulfilment quality, stockout exposure, intervention rates and energy use. It concludes that the most defensible pathway is auditable, human-supervised automation in which perception, prediction and procurement are jointly evaluated.
Soji Jacob
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2031-2041
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.009
Saudi chemical manufacturing depends on reliable water supplies for reaction media, steam generation, cooling, cleaning and utility services, yet conventional wastewater management often treats these interconnected demands as separate engineering problems. This critical review evaluates how intelligent water allocation, selective treatment and zero liquid discharge can be combined without assuming that maximum water recovery necessarily produces the best environmental outcome. Thirty peer-reviewed publications dated 2020–2025 were examined across industrial water networks, petrochemical effluent reclamation, membrane desalination, concentrate treatment, crystallisation and digital process control. Their evidence is interpreted for Saudi industrial clusters rather than presented as results from an unperformed local field study. The synthesis identifies four interdependent decisions: segregating streams before contamination is diluted; matching recovered water to explicit quality requirements; shifting the highest feasible proportion of desalination upstream of thermal concentration; and controlling residual solids, energy demand and operational reliability. A staged configuration integrates water accounting, biological or physicochemical pretreatment, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, selective polishing and final brine management. Digital monitoring can improve early detection of scaling, membrane deterioration and abnormal water losses, but models require calibration against site-specific chemistry. The review proposes a water–energy–salt decision framework and a validation agenda for Saudi chemical facilities. Its central conclusion is that genuinely sustainable discharge elimination requires accountable material balances, end-use protection and credible management of the recovered salt, not simply the installation of an evaporator.
Long-distance crude oil and gas pipelines depend on a chain of assurance extending from material acceptance and girth-weld qualification to corrosion surveillance, defect assessment and intervention. These activities are frequently managed as separate programmes, although an undetected construction deviation can later appear as an integrity threat, while uncertain inspection data can distort repair priorities. This critical review examines research published between 2020 and 2025 to develop a joined-up, risk-based quality assurance and integrity management approach for Saudi Arabian transmission corridors. Thirty DOI-traceable scholarly contributions were evaluated through a structured thematic synthesis covering degradation mechanisms, construction controls, in-line inspection, probabilistic risk assessment, digital monitoring and decision governance. The literature supports combining threat-specific inspection with verified asset records and consequence-sensitive maintenance planning; it does not support indiscriminate use of predictive algorithms without representative field validation. An evidence-led framework is proposed in which construction quality records, spatially referenced condition measurements and uncertainty-aware risk calculations inform proportionate actions. Particular attention is given to desert soils, variable route exposure, crossings, corrosion protection and high-consequence pipeline sections. The contribution is a practical decision architecture, not an untested claim of predictive accuracy or a Saudi field trial. Recommendations identify how owners can improve auditability, target scarce inspection resources and preserve confidence in decisions throughout the asset lifecycle.
Saudi Arabia’s extensive hydrocarbon transport infrastructure requires integrity decisions that simultaneously protect containment, sustain delivery reliability and allocate inspection expenditure efficiently. This critical review evaluates research published between 2020 and 2025 on corrosion prediction, in-line inspection, probabilistic failure assessment, risk-based inspection and lifecycle intervention planning. Rather than treating inspection intervals as fixed administrative periods, the paper develops a corrosion-informed decision framework linking threat identification, measurement uncertainty, remaining-strength assessment, consequence modelling and risk-constrained economic optimisation. Evidence is synthesised across buried transmission lines, offshore segments and operationally complex assets, with explicit attention to conditions relevant to Saudi Arabia: heterogeneous desert soils, saline coastal exposures, variable water chemistry, geographically dispersed routes and strategic dependence on uninterrupted energy transport. The review finds that probabilistic degradation models offer more defensible inspection scheduling than deterministic extrapolation where repeated observations exist, while data-driven predictors remain constrained by transferability, sparse failures and inconsistent defect matching. It argues for staged deployment: establish traceable asset data, classify governing threats, calibrate deterioration models, validate inspection performance and select interventions using both tolerable risk and expected lifecycle cost. Two conceptual figures and two synthesis tables translate this evidence into implementable decisions. The contribution is an integrative review and proposed governance architecture, not a claim of new pipeline measurements or validated Saudi field performance. Priorities for subsequent research include locally calibrated corrosion datasets, uncertainty-aware model evaluation, interacting-threat assessment and transparent economic verification of intervention policies.
Mohammed Abdul Samad Quadri
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2062-2072
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.012
Saudi Arabia's megaproject programme is placing ever greater pressure on the coordination required in construction procurement, with the various demands of design changes, a multitude of dispersed suppliers, complex contractual interfaces and long delivery times all coming into play. While research into digitalisation has identified the potential for improved visibility and collaboration, it is rarely clear from that research how enterprise transaction controls and engagement with external suppliers should be arranged as one integrated process. This integrative review critically reviews 30 publications identified via DOI search between 2020 and 2025 in the areas of construction supply chain management, e-procurement, enterprise integration, supplier governance and sustainable delivery. The evidence was gathered via targeted literature discovery, a backward search of relevant reference lists and source level bibliographic checks. The review distinguishes between the actual challenges that are documented in the literature and the capabilities which could plausibly be realised through the use of SAP S/4HANA and SAP Ariba. Its key contribution is a six-layer procurement management framework which links project requirements through to performance assurance via a set of common data definitions and controlled decision rights. The framework treats financial commitment validation, material traceability, exception management and supplier accountability as interdependent functions rather than as separate software features. A staged adoption pathway and a set of auditable performance indicators are proposed for use in the Saudi megaproject context. As a conceptual review it makes no claim as to the framework having been experimentally validated or as having delivered any quantifiable savings. The review concludes that the value of integration is as much to do with data stewardship, contractual alignment and cross organisational engagement as it is with the functionality of the platform itself.
Waheed Mahboob Jilani, Talha Umar Khan
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2073-2083
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.013
Industrial fire detection and suppression equipment is in a very odd position in the context of smart manufacturing. You have to improve throughput and traceability but you absolutely cannot compromise the independent evidence that is required to demonstrate the safety-critical performance of the equipment. This review looks at how Industry 4.0 technologies can be applied to the engineering, fabrication, assembly, verification and lifecycle support of detectors, fire alarm control panels, extinguishing valves and all the associated suppression hardware in the Kingdom. It is a critical review of the peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 with an emphasis on digital twins, industrial connectivity, automated inspection, fire sensing and the wider context of industrial transformation. It is not a case of equating digitalisation with safety. The review makes a clear distinction between production process intelligence and product function assurance and identifies five such capabilities: a requirements controlled digital thread, instrumented fabrication, risk sensitive quality analytics, independent safety verification and post delivery learning. A six stage transformation framework is proposed which embeds regulatory evidence and human authority at all stages of the process. The argument is that Saudi manufacturers should put in place interoperable product records and validated end of line test results before they go any further and start to deploy adaptive optimisation at scale. Testable indicators are provided and a staged implementation pathway is outlined. The output is a product specific, safety governed account of smart manufacturing rather than an empirical claim that the framework has in fact improved the performance of any fire system.
Ataur Rahman Atif Mohammed
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2084-2094
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.014
Cloud platforms are now underpinning key Saudi public services, financial services and industrial ecosystems. The very nature of the cloud's architecture can however amplify the risk of identity compromise, configuration errors and dependency failures. Much of the existing literature focuses on threat detection, compliance and disaster recovery in isolation with little guidance on how to integrate these into a coherent set of accountable operating decisions. This critical integrative review of the literature from 2020 to 2025 develops a Saudi-specific framework for integrating anticipatory intelligence, preventative controls, incident command and continuity assurance. It uses a structured thematic synthesis to examine the peer-reviewed literature on cloud attack surfaces, zero trust architectures, organisational capabilities, response learning and recovery governance, and this is augmented by an analysis of the specific Saudi cybersecurity requirements. The review concludes that resilience is not so much about the sheer number of controls that are in place, as it is about the demonstrable ownership of security decisions across the cloud provider, the tenant, the supplier and the various business functions. Its primary contribution is an integrated, testable governance framework in which the level of service criticality determines the priority of controls, the level of incident escalation and the requirement for independently demonstrated restoration capability. The recommended indicators are detection and containment latency, privileged access exposure, backup integrity, recovery point achievement and critical service restoration. The framework is a conceptual synthesis and not an empirically validated intervention. It would be necessary to test it in practice across the various Saudi sectors before any claims of effectiveness could be made.
Mir Shuja Ur Rahman
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2095-2104
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.015
Cost estimation for electrical building services becomes increasingly difficult as Saudi construction programmes combine compressed procurement schedules, evolving designs, complex low-current systems and volatile supplier markets. This integrative review examines how artificial intelligence can augment electrical cost estimation and budget optimization without displacing professional engineering judgment. It differentiates estimating accuracy from commercial feasibility and explains why models trained on generic building costs are not automatically transferable to medium-voltage distribution, low-voltage networks, structured cabling, security installations or building automation. The review synthesizes recent construction cost prediction scholarship, Saudi evidence on cost drivers, and related work on digital project information. Its central contribution is a governance-oriented framework integrating a controlled electrical work-breakdown structure, validated historical quantities, contextual price features, interpretable prediction models, procurement risk scenarios and accountable estimator approvals. The analysis finds that predictive algorithms offer substantial promise for early budget range development and tender comparison, yet their reliability depends on scope normalization, temporal validation, uncertainty communication and auditable changes. Practical implementation should begin with narrow trade-specific pilots and progress towards integrated cost intelligence once data quality and organizational safeguards are demonstrated. The study concludes with research priorities for prospective evaluation within Saudi infrastructure programmes.
Muhammad Jawad
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(6): 2105-2114
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i06.016
This review examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping accounting and financial reporting and considers the implications for organisations operating in Saudi Arabia under Vision 2030. It uses a structured integrative review informed by PRISMA 2020 reporting principles and the bibliometric-systematic approach of Marzi et al., [1], drawing on peer-reviewed studies published from 2020 to 2025. The evidence clusters around five applications: transaction processing, estimation and forecasting, misstatement detection, assurance and narrative disclosure. Reported opportunities include greater efficiency, deeper analysis and stronger fraud screening; the principal constraints concern explainability, ethical accountability, data governance, auditors’ reliance on AI outputs and professional skills. Saudi-specific evidence remains limited and concentrated in banking, leaving corporate reporting, auditing and sustainability disclosure underexamined. The review develops an integrative framework that links AI capabilities and accounting functions to Vision 2030 enablers and proposes a prioritised research agenda. It also offers staged recommendations for preparers, auditors, regulators and educators.
Top Editors
Dr. Sumathi Kumaraswamy
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor Department of Economics and Finance College of Business Administration University of Bahrain Email: skumaraswamy@uob.edu.bh
Dr. Jitender Kumar
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India Email: jitenderkbatra@gmail.com
Omer Allagabo Omer Mustafa
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor of Economics, Banking and Finance, Deputy Secretary of Academic Affairs-Sudan Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences (SABFS), Khartoum, Sudan E-mail: omergabo78@sabfs.edu.sd
Dr. Zahoor Ahmad Parray
Associate Editorial Board
Department of Management Studies, South Campus, University of Kashmir Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India Email: zahoorhs@gmail.com
Dr. Hafnida Hasan
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant professor in Applied Sciences University (ASU), Kingdom of Bahrain Email: hafnida.hasan@asu.edu.bh
Dr. Ulysses J Brown III
Associate Editorial Board
College of Business Savannah State University 3219 College Street Savannah GA 31404 Email: brownu@savannahstate.edu , brownuj@gmail.com
Dr. C. Vijai
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor Department of Commerce St.Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai-600 054 Tamil Nadu, India Email: Vijaialvar@gmail.com
Prof. Mounir BELLOUMI
Associate Editorial Board
College of Administrative Sciences, Najran University, Saudi Arabia Email: mounir.balloumi@gmail.com
Prof. P Malyadri
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ICSSR Senior Fellow Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India Email: drpm16@gmail.com
Husam Alharahsheh
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Lecturer in business management, University of wales Trinity Saint David - UK Senior lecturer, Several UK and EU based higher education institutions Email: husam.helmi1@yahoo.com
Dr. Mohd Shahril Bin Ahmad Razimi
Deputy Chief-Editor
Programme Coordinator Senior Lecturer, Islamic Business School Universiti Utara Malaysia Email: shahril@uum.edu.my
Aliashraf Ahmadian
Associate Editorial Board
Marketing lecturer Graduated in the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (phD) from University of Tehran, Iran. Email: AliAshrafAhmadian@ut.ac.ir
ZULFAN NAHRUDDIN
Executive Editor
Lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Makassar email:- zulfan.nahruddin@unismuh.ac.id
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