Malaria and typhoid fever are major aetiological considerations in both acute and prolonged fever of unknown origin (PUO) in the tropics and sub-tropics where opportunities for transmission are wide-ranging. Because of the high prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever in Nigeria, co-infections are common. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among patient attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano. Structural questionnaire were administered to obtain socio – demographic data. A random sampling was done and the estimated sample size is 110, which involved both male and female. Two ml of venous blood sample was collected for malaria and typhoid test. Conventional Widal tests for the detection of Salmonella spp were done as well as blood film preparation for detection of Plasmodium spp. The study show high overall prevalence of malaria 67(60.9%) and typhoid 74(67.3%), the co-infection prevalence 60(54.5%) was equally high. Co-infection rate in females 33(60.0%) was higher (p<0.05) than males 27(49.1%). The non-educated patients had the highest co-infection rate of 30(78.9%). The co-infection rate is higher (p<0.05) among the poor subjects 47(61.8%) than rich participants 13(38.2%). Of the total number of patients age ranging from 1–15 had the highest malaria prevalence of 22 (73.3%) while 61–75 has the least malaria prevalence of 4 (44.4%). On the other hand age ranging from 16–30 had the highest typhoid prevalence of 30 (73.1%) while age range from 61–75 had the least typhoid prevalence of 4(44.4%) (p<0.05). Therefore, there is need to step up sensitization on malaria and typhoid prevention. Other diagnostic tests such as molecular techniques and blood culture should be employed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of Widal and microscopy methods.

Recently, the world's problem has become in the spread of microbes and the extent of their impact on public health, especially the problem of microorganisms causing food spoilage. The study was aimed to characterize and determine antibiogram of bacteria isolated from irrigated vegetables and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics was carried out in Kano metropolis which are; Fagge (Kwakwaci wastewater irrigation area), Kumbotso (Shagari quarters wastewater irrigation area) and Ungoggo (Jaba wastewater irrigation area)”. In the study, the most common bacteria isolated and identified were Staphylococcus aureus (30.43%), Escherichia coli (27.54%) followed by Salmonella (24.64%) and Shigella (17.39%). The results of molecular indicate the genus and species of each isolate. The gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of PCR products of the expected size. Sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis further validated the results. In Gram-negative bacteria, Septrin, Sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin augmentin, gentamycin, perfloxacin streptomycin were sensitive. At the same time, most of the remaining antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tarivid, levofloxacin and nitrofuraticin) are 100% resistant to bacterial isolates. However, in Gram-positive bacteria, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, azithromycin and imipenem were sensitive while the remaining antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria (gentamycin, amoxicillin, streptomycin, ampiclox) were resistance to bacterial isolates.

Typhoid fever is an acute and sometimes life-threatening systemic febrile illness caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi (S. paratyphi) A, B and C. This cross sectional study was carried out to determine the incidence of typhoid fever among febrile patients attending Ahmad Sani Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital Gusau, Zamfara State. A total of 198 blood samples were collected and processed using Widal test kit. Information such as age, educational level, toilet facilities, and symptoms of the disease were also obtained through structured questionnaire. The study participants were 116(59.5%) females, while 82(31.7%) were males. The overall prevalence of typhoid fever among the study subject was 47.9%. Higher incidence of the disease was recorded among male subjects with 34.8% prevalence while female recorded only 13.1%. There was high incidence (17.7%) of typhoid fever among 18-25 age groups while least by those above 66 years with 2%. There was high incidence among participant using well as water source with prevalence of 13.1%. it is concluded that there are clear and significant occurrence of typhoid fever among the study population. Therefore, enlightenment programs on environmental and personal hygiene should be encouraged among individuals in the study area. Keywords: Typhoid Fever, Widal, Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C.

Despite recent advances made in malaria prevention and control globally, malaria still remains a major health concern in Sub Saharan Africa, especially among children. This study aimed to determine the correlation between malaria and anemia among 5 years children attending some primary health facilities in Kano Metropolis, Kano Nigeria. The research was conducted at 3 different primary health care (Yan-Awaki, Sharada and Tukuntawa) centers in Kano Municipal. Demographic characteristics of the patients were collected using questionnaire. About five ml of blood was collected from each subject and malaria was diagnosed by examination of stained thick blood films. Hemoglobin concentration was determined using an auto-analyzer. Anemia was defined a hemoglobin concentration <11g/dl (13). The results showed that 163 out of 200 febrile subjects were positive for malaria and this accounted for 81.5% of the study population. From the result, more male were infected (with prevalence of 83%) than the female counterparts (80%). On the basis of the age of the study subject, infection is more prevalent among subjects aged 24 – 35 month (85.9%), followed by those less than 12 month (80.9%) and least prevalence was recorded among 48 – 60 month (75%). Also 84.6% of anemia positive subjects were anemic while only 13.5% of the non-malaria patients were anemic. It is concluded that there is strong correlation between malaria and anemia among study subjects in the study.

Lifestyle diseases, or non-communicable diseases (NCDs), represent a significant global health burden. These diseases are primarily associated with modifiable behavioural risk factors, including poor dietary habits, sedentary lifestyles, and the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Common lifestyle-related conditions include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. In the Unani system of medicine, health is maintained through the balance of six essential factors (Asbāb Sitta Ḍarūriyya), among which Food and drinks (Ma’kūlāt-o-Mashrūbāt) play a critical role. ‘Ilāj bi’l Taghdhiya (dietotherapy), a component of ‘Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), emphasizes therapeutic dietary interventions for disease management and prevention. This review highlights the application of dietotherapy in the Unani system for the management of prevalent lifestyle disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity.

Background: Thalassemia is one of the genetic diseases in Iraq, where thousands of Iraqis suffer from this chronic disease. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is once of a powerful inflammatories cytokine that increases cytokine and has vital influence on immune responses. Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the relationship serum level of (TNFα- 308) correlated with pancreatic and liver disease. disorders in a subset of beta thalassemia major (BTM) people in general. Methods: Patients with pancreatic issues with thalassemia major received forty blood samples obtained, forty patients who suffering from thalassemia together with liver disorder, and Thalassemia was discovered in 40 people individuals were not diagnosed with liver or pancreatic issues, and forty samples as control were taken from people are the same age and gender. For the purpose of detecting and genotyping of TNFα-308 in all samples, the method was used T-ARMS-PCR. TNF-α serum level was detection with use ELISA. Results: The findings of estimation TNF α serum level showed that group B had higher level (137.894 ± 4.216 pg/ml) and group D had the lowest level (89.870 ±3.644 pg/ml). In addition, the findings of effect TNFα-308 genotypes on TNF α serum level of β- thalassemia major patients recorded that highest TNF α serum level in GA genotype which was (136.560±2.694 pg/ml) as compared to the GG genotype which was (106.746±2.235 pg/ml). Also the result show correlation between TNFα- 308 genotypes with TNF α serum level in all disease groups. Conclusion: Through the results we obtained, we concluded that there is relation between TNFα- 308 genotypes with TNF α serum level in A, B and C groups as well as show high TNF α serum level (pg/ml) in BTM patients as compared with control group.

One of the more prevalent diseases in women is breast cancer, however males might also get it sometimes. A tumor is often formed when certain cells in the breast tissue start to grow quickly and multiply uncontrollably, leading to breast cancer. These cancerous cells continue to invade the nearby healthy cells in the breast if not treated and eradicated, and may spread to the nearby lymph nodes. The cancer may also penetrate breast tissues and spread to nearby organs, and in some cases, it can reach distant parts of the body. The current study include a group of (80) females. 50 patients with breast cancer and 30 healthy, Blood samples were taken at Al-Karama Teaching Hospital based on 50 breast cancer, their age range from (30-30),(40-49),50 years and over from the period (2024/10/1- 2025/2/1.The study aim to Evaluate immune levels in women diagnosed with breast cancer, focusing on key immune markers by using ELISA technique.Interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels in miserable and well individuals changed considerably according to the study's findings (P = 0.001). The average level in patients was 120 ± 15 ng/L, which was greater than the average level in healthy people (40 ± 10 ng/L). Interleukin 12 (IL-12) levels were also found to differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.001), with the average level in patients being 25 ± 5 ng/L, lower than that of healthy people (60 ± 10 ng/L). Based to an immunological the investigation, women diagnosed breast cancer have markedly lower levels of cytokines 12 (IL-12), which is diagnostic of an impaired immune response targeting the tumor. Because IL-12 is essential for T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell activation, low levels of this cytokine make it easier for cancer cells to evade cellular defense. Conversely, the findings found that, in comparison with people in good health, cancerous tissue from breast tumor patients of any age had greater quantities of factor 8 (IL-8). This increase is in keeping with the established function of IL-8 in fostering tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, all of which are directly linked to the advancement of illness. Thus, two similar mechanisms that inhibit the immune response and increase the development and spread of tumors are reduced IL-12 and higher IL-8. For the purpose of to evaluate the immune-mediated features of patients with breast cancer, this investigation looked at two crucial cytokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-12 (IL-12). In order to confirm the possibility of association between these cytokines and the severity of the disease or its development of metastases, it also aimed to examine the levels of these cytokines in various age groups and disease stages. The study is to help build a scientific basis that can support the creation of tailored immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of breast cancer by exposing these immunological alterations.